Toxicology in criminal investigations: Detection of poisons in forensic analysis

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• By Sabah Nur

Forensic toxicology is essential in criminal investigations since it identifies harmful compounds in biological samples to ascertain causes of death, identify suspects, and furnish vital evidence. This discipline is crucial in homicide, poisoning, drug overdose, and substance misuse cases, as it involves the analysis of human fluids, tissues, and other biological specimens for poisons, drugs, and chemicals. The capacity to identify these drugs, even in minimal quantities, can determine whether a crime is resolved or remains unresolved. Contemporary forensic toxicology utilises sophisticated methodologies such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunoassays, and spectroscopy to accurately identify poisonous agents. GC-MS is highly proficient in the separation and analysis of chemical components, whereas HPLC is utilised for the detection of toxins in blood, urine, and tissues. Immunoassays are biochemical assays employed to identify certain medications and toxins based on their molecular configurations, while spectroscopy methods, such as infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, facilitate the identification of unknown chemicals by the analysis of their absorption spectra.

Common toxins identified in forensic investigations encompass cyanide, which swiftly impairs cellular respiration, resulting in asphyxiation; arsenic, a gradual toxin that simulates natural diseases; carbon monoxide, frequently associated with accidental poisonings or suicides, identified via blood tests assessing carboxyhemoglobin concentrations; and an array of substances related to drug overdoses, including opioids, barbiturates, and amphetamines. The detection of these toxins in biological specimens might yield vital evidence in criminal inquiries, affecting judicial processes and legal results. Forensic toxicology encounters numerous problems, notably the impact of decomposition, which modifies chemical compositions and complicates post-mortem toxin detection. Toxicologists must differentiate between naturally occurring compounds and those introduced with malicious intent, taking into account parameters such as metabolism, dosage, and the duration since exposure. The intricacies necessitate careful study and specialised knowledge to guarantee precise outcomes in toxicological assessments. Notwithstanding these problems, forensic toxicology persists in its advancement, using novel techniques and technologies to enhance detection precision. As scientific advancements occur, toxicologists assume an increasingly essential role in criminal investigations, assisting law enforcement and legal professionals in revealing the truth. The capacity to identify toxins and assess their impacts guarantees the administration of justice and enhances public safety by recognising dangerous chemicals and averting more harm.

Keywords: Forensic toxicology, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Toxins, Drug overdose, Chemical analysis

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Citation:
Sabah Nur. Toxicology in criminal investigations: Detection of poisons in forensic analysis. The Torch. 2023. 4 (16).
Available from: https://www.styvalley.com/pub/magazines/torch/read/toxicology-in-criminal-investigations-detection-of-poisons-in-forensic-analysis/.

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